Interactive 3D Chemistry Virtual Lab
Explore chemical reactions, acid–base titrations, pH indicators, qualitative ionic analysis, and solution chemistry through accurate computational models.
Chemistry Learning & Reference Guide for School and University Students
The 3D virtual chemistry lab provides a safe practice space where learners can look up reactions, predict observations, and calculate concentrations accurately.
Secondary Students (Grades 8–12)
Practice acid–base titration, identify ions by precipitates, balance redox equations, and study atomic structure and periodic trends.
- Observe the pH jump at equivalence and indicator color changes.
- Look up solubility, precipitate colors, and gases formed in ionic reactions.
- Prepare effectively for national, IGCSE, and AP Chemistry exams.
University & Specialist Students
Model VSEPR geometry, reaction thermodynamics ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, equilibria Kc and Kp, and electrochemical cells with the Nernst equation.
- Rotate 3D models to study orbitals, bond angles, and dipole moments.
- Analyze reaction order and Arrhenius activation energy Ea.
- Study buffer solutions, solubility products Ksp, and transition-metal complexes.
Quick Chemistry Reference
Look up atomic structure, periodic trends, the metal activity series, molar masses, standard electrode potentials, and solubility rules.
- Data for 118 elements: electron configuration, electronegativity, and atomic radius.
- Indicator library including litmus, phenolphthalein, and bromothymol blue.
- English–Vietnamese IUPAC nomenclature aligned with international standards.
Key Chemistry Modules & Reaction Models
1. Acid - Base Titration & pH Equilibrium
Neutralization Reaction: $\text{H}^+ + \text{OH}^- \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O}$
pH Definition: $\text{pH} = -\log[\text{H}^+], \quad \text{pOH} = -\log[\text{OH}^-], \quad \text{pH} + \text{pOH} = 14$
Simulate titration curves of strong acid - strong base and weak acid - strong base with Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange indicators.
2. Precipitation & Qualitative Ionic Analysis
Precipitation Example: $\text{Ba}^{2+} + \text{SO}_4^{2-} \rightarrow \text{BaSO}_4 \downarrow \text{ (White)}$
Silver Halide Test: $\text{Ag}^+ + \text{Cl}^- \rightarrow \text{AgCl} \downarrow \text{ (White)}, \quad \text{Ag}^+ + \text{I}^- \rightarrow \text{AgI} \downarrow \text{ (Yellow)}$
Identify cation and anion unknown solutions via characteristic precipitate colors and solubility rules.
3. Ideal Gas Laws & Thermochemistry
Ideal Gas Equation: $PV = nRT = \frac{m}{M}RT$
Enthalpy Change: $\Delta H = \sum \Delta H_f^\circ(\text{Products}) - \sum \Delta H_f^\circ(\text{Reactants})$
Measure gas volume production over time and calculate reaction rates under varying temperature and concentration conditions.
4. Chemical Kinetics & Iodine Clock Reaction
Rate Law & Arrhenius: $v = k[\text{S}_2\text{O}_8^{2-}]^m [\text{I}^-]^n, \quad k = A \exp\left(-\frac{E_a}{RT}\right)$
Clock Mechanism: $\text{S}_2\text{O}_8^{2-} + 2\text{I}^- \rightarrow 2\text{SO}_4^{2-} + \text{I}_2 \quad (\text{Starch} \rightarrow \text{Deep Blue-Black})$
Explore reaction order determination, sacrificial thiosulfate timing step, and instantaneous starch-iodine color flip delay.
5. Electrochemistry & Daniell Galvanic Cell
Nernst Cell EMF: $E = E^\circ - \frac{0.0592}{n}\log\left(\frac{[\text{Zn}^{2+}]}{[\text{Cu}^{2+}]}\right) \quad (E^\circ = +1.10\text{ V})$
Gibbs Free Energy: $\Delta G^\circ = -n F E^\circ = -212.3\text{ kJ/mol} \quad (F = 96485\text{ C/mol})$
Trace spontaneous electron flow from Zinc anode to Copper cathode and ion migration across the KCl agar salt bridge.
6. Buffer Solutions & Henderson-Hasselbalch
Buffer Equation: $\text{pH} = \text{p}K_a + \log\left(\frac{[\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-]}{[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}]}\right) \quad (\text{p}K_a = 4.75)$
Buffer Capacity: Resists drastic pH shifts upon addition of strong acids HCl or strong bases NaOH.
Compare buffered acetate resistance against unbuffered pure water showing dramatic 10,000-fold jump in $[\text{H}^+]$.
7. Complexometric EDTA Titration & Water Hardness
Chelation Equilibrium: $\text{Ca}^{2+} + \text{EDTA}^{4-} \rightarrow [\text{Ca(EDTA)}]^{2-} \quad (\log K_f = 10.7)$
Metallochromic Indicator: $[\text{Ca-EBT}] \text{ (Wine-Red)} \rightarrow \text{Free EBT} \text{ (Pure Sky-Blue at pH 10)}$
Quantitative assay of total mineral water hardness ($Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}$) expressed in $\text{mg CaCO}_3/\text{L}$ (ppm).
8. Triglyceride Saponification & Salting-Out
Saponification Reaction: $(\text{RCOO})_3\text{C}_3\text{H}_5 + 3\text{NaOH} \xrightarrow{\Delta} 3\text{RCOONa} \downarrow + \text{C}_3\text{H}_5(\text{OH})_3$
Salting-Out Effect: Saturated NaCl brine lowers sodium soap solubility through the common-ion Na⁺ effect.
Industrial soap making from vegetable oils, separation of glycerol, and solidification of white curd soap layers.
9. Molecular Spectroscopy & Beer-Lambert Law
Beer-Lambert Absorbance: $A = \varepsilon \cdot l \cdot c = -\log(T) = -\log(I / I_0)$
Quantitative Analysis: Linear absorbance calibration curve A = f(c) for an unknown solution concentration.
Measure photon attenuation across cuvettes with UV-Vis spectrophotometry for transition metal complexes and organic dyes.
10. Atomic Orbitals, Quantum Numbers & Periodic Trends
Schrödinger Wave Equation: $\hat{H}\Psi = E\Psi, \quad \text{Max electrons: } 2n^2$
4 Quantum Numbers: $n \text{ (shell)}, \ l \ (0..n-1: \text{s, p, d, f}), \ m_l \ (-l..+l), \ m_s \ (\pm\frac{1}{2})$
Electron configuration following Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion, Hund's rule; systematic trends in electronegativity, ionization energy, and atomic radii.
11. VSEPR Molecular Geometry & MO Paramagnetism
Bond Order Formula: $\text{Bond Order} = \frac{N_b - N_a}{2} \quad (\text{For } \text{O}_2: \frac{8 - 4}{2} = 2)$
Paramagnetism of O₂: $\sigma_{2s}^2 \sigma_{2s}^{*2} \sigma_{2p_z}^2 (\pi_{2p_x}^2 = \pi_{2p_y}^2) (\pi_{2p_x}^{*1} = \pi_{2p_y}^{*1}) \text{ (2 unpaired } e^-)$
Predict 3D molecular shapes from linear AX₂ to octahedral AX₆ via VSEPR repulsive forces; prove liquid oxygen paramagnetism via unpaired electrons in antibonding π* MOs.
12. Gibbs Free Energy, Spontaneity & Phase Diagrams
Spontaneity Criteria: $\Delta G^\circ = \Delta H^\circ - T\Delta S^\circ = -RT\ln(K) = -nFE^\circ$
Gibbs Phase Rule: $F = C - P + 2 \quad (\text{H}_2\text{O Triple Point: } T = 0.01^\circ\text{C}, P = 0.006\text{ atm} \Rightarrow F = 0)$
Predict thermodynamic spontaneity with Gibbs free energy and evaluate temperature-pressure phase equilibria, triple points, and supercritical fluids.
13. Colligative Properties & Osmotic Pressure
Van 't Hoff Osmotic Equation: $\Pi = i \cdot C \cdot R \cdot T \quad (i = 1 + \alpha(\nu - 1))$
Raoult's Laws: $\Delta P = P_0 X_{\text{solute}}, \quad \Delta T_b = i K_b m, \quad \Delta T_f = i K_f m$
Explore vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and intravenous isotonic solutions (0.9% NaCl, 5% Glucose, Π ≈ 7.7 atm).
14. Nuclear Chemistry & Radiocarbon Archaeological Dating
First-Order Decay Law: $N(t) = N_0 e^{-\lambda t} = N_0 \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^{t / t_{1/2}}, \quad t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda} \approx \frac{0.693}{\lambda}$
Carbon-14 Beta Decay: $^{14}_6\text{C} \rightarrow ^{14}_7\text{N} + ^0_{-1}e + \bar{\nu}_e \quad (t_{1/2} = 5730\text{ years})$
Model ionizing alpha/beta/gamma radiation, nuclear mass defect ΔE = Δm·c², fission vs fusion, and archaeological dating up to 50,000 years.
15. Coordination Complexes & Cisplatin Cancer Therapy
Square Planar Cisplatin: $\text{cis-}[\text{Pt}(\text{NH}_3)_2\text{Cl}_2] + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{cis-}[\text{Pt}(\text{NH}_3)_2(\text{H}_2\text{O})_2]^{2+} + 2\text{Cl}^-$
d-d Crystal Field Splitting: $\Delta E = h\nu = \frac{hc}{\lambda} \quad (\text{Lower } t_{2g} \rightarrow \text{Higher } e_g)$
Understand d-orbital splitting, colors of transition metal complexes, and spatial stereochemistry of cisplatin forming 1,2-intrastrand crosslinks with DNA.
16. Optical Isomerism, Chiral Centers & Racemic Mixtures
Chiral sp³ Carbon: $\text{C}^*(a)(b)(c)(d) \quad \text{Non-superimposable mirror pairs (Enantiomers)}$
Specific Optical Rotation: $[\alpha]_\lambda^T = \frac{\alpha}{l \cdot c} \quad (\text{Racemic 1:1 equimolar: } [\alpha]_{\text{net}} = 0^\circ)$
Distinguish enantiomers rotating plane-polarized light (+ / d vs - / l), racemic mixtures, and biological receptor stereospecificity (Thalidomide, Ibuprofen).
17. 4 Protein Structural Levels, Isoelectric Point (pI) & Denaturation
Peptide Linkage: $-\text{CO}-\text{NH}- \quad (\text{Biuret Test: Violet complex with } \text{Cu}^{2+}/\text{OH}^-)$
Isoelectric Point (pI): $\text{Net charge } q = 0 \quad (\text{Minimal solubility, stationary in electric field})$
Examine Primary to Quaternary structures stabilized by disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions; disruption by heat and heavy metals.
18. Polymers, Polymerization Reactions & Cross-linking
Addition Polymerization: $n\,\text{CH}_2=\text{CH}_2 \xrightarrow{\text{catalyst}} -(-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-)_n-$
Condensation: $n\,\text{H}_2\text{N-(CH}_2)_6-\text{NH}_2 + n\,\text{HOOC-(CH}_2)_4-\text{COOH} \rightarrow \text{Nylon-6,6} + 2n\,\text{H}_2\text{O}$
Explore thermoplastics, thermosets, vulcanized rubber disulfide bridges, biodegradability, and synthesis of polyesters (Dacron) and polyamides.
19. Environmental Chemistry, Green Principles & Atmospheric Cycles
Acid Rain Formation: $\text{SO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{SO}_3; \quad 2\text{NO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{HNO}_3 + \text{HNO}_2$
Ozone Depletion: $\text{Cl}^\bullet + \text{O}_3 \rightarrow \text{ClO}^\bullet + \text{O}_2; \quad \text{ClO}^\bullet + \text{O}^\bullet \rightarrow \text{Cl}^\bullet + \text{O}_2$
Understand greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), atom economy, catalytic converters, CFC radical ozone destruction, and renewable green chemistry metrics.
20. Nuclear Chemistry, Radioactive Decay & Radiopharmaceuticals
First-Order Radioactive Decay: $\ln(N_t / N_0) = -kt, \quad t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k} = \frac{0.693}{k}$
Mass-Energy Equivalence: $\Delta E = \Delta m \cdot c^2 \quad (\text{Nuclear binding energy and mass defect})$
Analyze alpha, beta, gamma decay kinetics, Carbon-14 archaeological dating, medical radiotracers (Tc-99m, F-18 PET), and nuclear fission vs fusion energetics.
