Interactive Virtual Biology Lab
Explore cell microscopy, photosynthesis, enzyme kinetics, DNA transcription and translation, PCR cycling, and neural action potentials.
Biology Learning & Reference Guide for School and University Students
BioLab provides a 3D cell and molecular genetics environment with a 64-codon table, Mendelian laws, and ecology models.
Secondary Students (Grades 9–12)
Visualize cells, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, mitosis, meiosis, and Mendelian inheritance.
- Calculate microscope magnification and actual size with an eyepiece graticule.
- Use Punnett squares to calculate genotype and phenotype ratios for mono- and dihybrid crosses.
- Prepare effectively for national, IGCSE, and AP Biology exams.
University & Molecular Biology Students
Model DNA replication, mRNA transcription, translation, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
- Study the 3D Watson–Crick DNA double helix and A–T, G–C hydrogen bonds.
- Analyze enzyme kinetics and Lineweaver–Burk reciprocal plots.
- Simulate genetic equilibrium and logistic population growth with carrying capacity K.
Quick Biology Reference
Look up the 64-codon table, compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and calculate DNA length and phosphodiester bonds.
- Interactive genetic code table with start codon AUG and all stop codons.
- Plant and animal cell libraries with 3D organelle models.
- English–Vietnamese anatomy and taxonomy terms aligned with international standards.
Key Biology Modules & Experimental Mechanisms
1. Light Microscopy & I-A-M Magnification
Total Magnification: $M = M_{\text{eyepiece}} \times M_{\text{objective}}$
Actual Size Formula: $A = \frac{I}{M} \quad (1\text{ mm} = 1000\text{ }\mu\text{m} = 10^6\text{ nm})$
Measure plant onion epidermis and animal cheek epithelium with Lugol iodine and Methylene blue staining.
2. Enzyme Kinetics & Michaelis-Menten
Michaelis-Menten Rate: $v = \frac{V_{\max}[S]}{K_m + [S]}$
Lineweaver-Burk Double Reciprocal: $\frac{1}{v} = \frac{K_m}{V_{\max}}\frac{1}{[S]} + \frac{1}{V_{\max}}$
Investigate catalase substrate saturation, competitive vs non-competitive inhibition, and $Q_{10}$ thermal denaturation.
3. DNA Replication, Structure & Chargaff's Rule
DNA Length & Nucleotides: $L = \frac{N}{2} \times 3.4\text{ \AA}, \quad M = N \times 300\text{ Da}$
Hydrogen Bonds: $H = 2A + 3G \quad (A = T, \quad G = C)$
Semi-conservative double helix unwinding by Helicase and continuous/Okazaki synthesis by DNA Polymerase III.
4. PCR Thermocycling & DNA Amplification
Exponential Copy Formula: $N = N_0 \times 2^n \quad (n\text{ cycles})$
3-Step Thermocycle: Denaturation (95 °C), primer annealing (55 °C), and Taq extension (72 °C).
Amplify target DNA sequences $10^9$-fold across 30 thermal cycles for molecular diagnostics and forensics.
5. Photosynthesis & Photophosphorylation (Hill Reaction)
Photosynthesis Net Equation: $6\text{CO}_2 + 12\text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{h\nu, \text{Chlorophyll}} \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O}$
Hill Reaction (DCPIP): $\text{DCPIP (Blue)} + 2e^- + 2\text{H}^+ \xrightarrow{h\nu} \text{DCPIPH}_2\text{ (Colorless)}$
Quantify photon flux, carbon dioxide limiting factors, and light-dependent water photolysis in chloroplast thylakoids.
6. Neurophysiology: Action Potential & Hodgkin-Huxley
Resting Potential: $V_m \approx -70\text{ mV}$ | Threshold: $-55\text{ mV}$
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz: $V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln\left(\frac{P_{\text{K}}[\text{K}^+]_o + P_{\text{Na}}[\text{Na}^+]_o + P_{\text{Cl}}[\text{Cl}^-]i}{P{\text{K}}[\text{K}^+]_i + P_{\text{Na}}[\text{Na}^+]_i + P_{\text{Cl}}[\text{Cl}^-]_o}\right)$
Simulate voltage-gated $\text{Na}^+$ activation (depolarization), $\text{K}^+$ efflux (repolarization), and refractory periods.
7. Central Dogma: Transcription & Translation
Genetic Code: 64 codons translate 20 amino acids, with start codon AUG and stop codons UAA, UAG, and UGA.
Peptide Bond Formation: Condensation between amino group –NH₂ and carboxyl group –COOH at ribosome A/P sites.
Trace mRNA transcription by RNA Polymerase and tRNA anticodon decoding with interactive mutation analysis.
8. Gene Regulation: E. coli Lac Operon
Repressor Mechanism: LacI repressor binds operator O and blocks RNA polymerase in the absence of allolactose.
Induction: Expression of β-galactosidase (LacZ), permease (LacY), and transacetylase (LacA).
Explore catabolite activator protein (CAP-cAMP) positive regulation under fluctuating glucose/lactose levels.
9. Plant Water Relations: Potometer & Transpiration
Transpiration Rate: $T_{\text{rate}} = \frac{\pi r^2 \Delta x}{\Delta t} \quad (\text{Capillary displacement } \Delta x)$
Water Potential: Water flows spontaneously from higher to lower water potential Ψ.
Measure stomatal conductance under varying wind speed, humidity, light intensity, and temperature conditions.
10. Population Ecology: Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey
Prey Differential Rate: $\frac{dN}{dt} = r N - a N P$
Predator Differential Rate: $\frac{dP}{dt} = b a N P - m P$
Simulate phase-plane oscillations and cyclic equilibrium between predator populations and environmental carrying capacity $K$.
11. Kirby-Bauer Antibiotic Susceptibility
Zone of Inhibition: Diameter D (mm) measures bacterial susceptibility along an antibiotic diffusion gradient.
Compare Penicillin (cell wall inhibitor), Tetracycline (ribosome 30S inhibitor), and Ciprofloxacin (DNA gyrase inhibitor).
Assess clinical bacterial resistance (MRSA) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) thresholds.
12. Mendelian Genetics & Linkage Mapping
Monohybrid Ratio: $3:1$ Phenotype ($1:2:1$ Genotype) | Dihybrid Ratio: $9:3:3:1$
Recombination Frequency: $\text{RF} = \frac{\text{Recombinant offspring}}{\text{Total offspring}} \times 100\% \quad (1\%\text{ RF} = 1\text{ cM})$
Interactive Punnett squares for autosomal dominant, recessive, codominance, and sex-linked traits.
